"Women who kept their maiden names were judged to be more professional than married-name doppelgangers and proved more likely to win a job, according to the research. They also attracted higher pay."
Many sources have written about this Dutch study. Check out the Global and Mail article (Thanks Tom) and the SmartMoney article (Thanks, Michael)!
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Corinne Grzybowski and I wrote a paper on this topic, titled Female Surname Choice, using Duke alumni data last year.